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A GUIDE TO 



Track and Field Work 
Contests 

and 

Kindred Activities 



A Supplement to the Handbooks of Lessons 
In Physical Training and Games 
for the 

Philadelphia Public Schools 



Martin G. Brumbaugh, Ph.D., LL.D. 

Superintendejit of Public Schools 



Printed by pupils at the 
Philadelphia Trader School 



A GUIDE TO 



Track and Field Work 
Contests 

and 

Kindred Activities 



A Supplement to the Handbooks of Lessons 
In Physical Training and Games 
for the 

Philadelphia PubHc Schools 



Martin G. Brumbaugh, Ph.D., LL.D. 

Superintejident of Public Schools 



Copyright 1912 
by 

WlIvLIAM A. Stechkr 



©CLA330210 



PREFACE. 



School gymnastics in most cities means a selection of arm, 
leg and trunk movements performed between the school 
desks in the classroom. Being limited to ten or fifteen 
minutes a day, and performed often in crowded and over- 
heated rooms, it would be rash to declare that these exer- 
cises have an appreciable good effect upon the health of the 
pupils. 

Later, in some cities, the gymnastic exercises were per- 
formed in well-lighted and aired corridors and also in ade- 
quate basements. Exercises with hand apparatus, like 
wands and dumbbells, were added. Dancing steps, also, 
were introduced. It then became possible to speak of 
school gymnastics that favorably influenced the health of 
the pupils. 

The greatest step forward in school gymnastics was 
made, however, when the schoolyards were utilized for 
physical training purposes. The opportunity to exercise 
in the open air naturally brought with it an extension of 
the gymnastic work. All kinds of vigorous games that 
could be played in schoolyards were soon a part of the pre- 
scribed lesson. Then came the various forms of track and 
field activities, like running, jumping, throwing, etc. Fol- 
lowing this schoolyards were equipped with the simplest 
forms of gymnastic apparatus. With the adoption of such 
forms of bodily activity one could say that gymnastics had 
been introduced into the schools. 

No sooner had the regular class teachers seen the bene- 
ficial effects of these different forms of gymnastics upon 
the mind, as well as upon the physique of their pupils, than 
they began to ask for adequate textbooks to guide them. 



While there are several books on training and on the tech- 
nique of track and field work there seemed to be a place 
for a booklet that took up the question of training for in- 
creased efficiency, and that treated this training from the 
standpoint of the average classroom teacher. Drs. D. 
M. Ferd Krogh and George B. Mullison, as well as other 
assistants to the director of physical education in the public 
schools of Philadelphia, undertook to write and compile a 
booklet of this kind. Their training and years of practical 
experience qualified them to act as sane and safe counselors. 
The results of their labors are embodied in this pamphlet, 
which should be helpful to all teachers. 

WILLIAM A. STECHER, 
Director of Physical Education. 



CONTENTS. 



Part I. INTRODUCTORY REMARKS: 

1. Physical activities. 9 

(a) Divisions. 

(b) Uses. 

(c) Application of principles. 

2. Qualification of competitors. 11 

(a) Age to compete. 

(b) Beneficial results of non-competitive 

events. 

(c) Team and group competition advis- 

able. . . 

3. An excellent method of competition. 12 

4. Registration and entries. 13 

(a) Parents' and physicians' card useful. 

(b) Entry blanks. 

5. Training. 17 

(a) What is training? 

(b) Suggestions for training. 

Part II. MANAGEMENT OF CONTESTS: 

1. Success depends on officials' competency 18 

(a) Executive Committee or Committee 

on Management. 

(b) Selecting officials. 

(c) Officials required. 

2. Duties of officials. 19 

(a) Referee. 

(b) Track judges. 

(c) Field judges. 

(d) Clerk of the course. 

(e) Starter. 



5 



(f) Timers. 23 

(g) Measurers. 

(h) Official scorer. 

(i) Announcer, 
(j) Inspectors, 
(k) Field marshal. 
(1) Messengers, 
(m) Field surgeon, 
(n) Official reporter. 

Part III. TRACK AND FIELD EVENTS: 

1. Running. 25 

(a) Dashes. 

(b) Relay races. 

(a) Shuttle relay. 

(b) Plain relay. 

(c) Pursuit relay. 

2. Jumping. 32 

(a) Standing broad jump. 

(b) Three consecutive broad jumps. 

(c) Running broad jump. 

(d) Standing high jump. 

(e) Running high jump. 

(f) Standing hop, step and jump. 

(g) Running hop, step and jump. 

3. Ball contests. 36 

(a) Basketball far-throw. 

(b) Hurl ball. 

(c) Goal throwing. 

(d) Basket bound-ball. 

4. Exercises of localized strength. 38 

(a) Chinning. 

(b) Dip. 

(c) Rope climb. 



6 



5. Exercises of skill. 39 

(a) Throwing the javelin. 

(b) Obstacle race. 

(c) Potato race. 

(d) The grace hoop. 

6. Games. 42 

(a) Dodge ball. 

(b) Captain ball. 

(c) Center ball. 

(d) Battle ball. 

(e) Basketball. 

(f) Goal ball. 

(g) Soccer. 

Part IV. APPENDIX: 

1. Exhibition work. 43 

(a) Free exercises or calisthenics. 

(b) Marching. 

(c) Fancy steps and dancing. 

(d) Exhibition games. 

2. Suggestions. 44 

(a) Program for a field-day or meet. 

3. Swimming. 45 

4. Tramping. 46 

5. Camping. 



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PART I. INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. 



With the specialization of labor and the lack of that 
natural outdoor physical labor of our pioneer forefathers, 
there is apparently a great diminution of physical training 
opportunities in our modern civilization. These must be 
artificially supplied, especially in our congested com- 
munities, to develop the physical side of the child if we 
are to maintain and strive for the higher efficiency of the 
race. 

Track and field work and games, in a great measure, 
tend to overcome the lack of natural physical work, but, un- 
fortunately, they have been branded with the effect of the 
age-commercialism, and thereby have lost much of their 
value. Sooner or later a radical change must come, and it 
is with a view of getting the most out of games, apparatus 
work, track and field work and other forms of exercises ; 
that the following suggestions, rules, etc., have been com- 
piled for pupils of the elementary schools. 

The object is to open up more avenues for thought, ob- 
servation and consideration; to present some of the funda- 
mental and underlying principles of athletic competition, 
and to give a reference handbook especially adapted to the 
grammar schools, which will unify the systems of compe- 
tition and pave the Avay for a general movement in athletic 
reform. 



Physical Activities. 

Divisions of Physical Activities. — All track and field 
work, games and other formes of physical exercises may be 
divided broadly into non-competitive and competitive, and 
the latter may be sub-divided into individual and team com- 
petition. These two groups differ greatly in the effect on 
the individual taking part, both in the amount of nervous 
energy expended and in the psychological and moral effect 
of awarding prizes. 



9 



Effects. — Competitive events, properly arranged, produce 
some or all of the following beneficial results : They supply 
that exercise of body and mind which is so lacking to city 
dwellers, strengthening the system, developing muscular 
co-ordination and increasing the motor-nerve cells and 
motor pathways ; they teach one of the best lessons of 
moral training, the control of one's self under excitement 
and the sacrifice of one's self and one's own pleasure 
for the good of the team and of the institution ; they 
counteract many of the evils of dress, of eating and of 
noxious habits ; they help to unify and develop a better 
feeling in a school and later in a school system ; pedagogi- 
cally, they create and act as a stimulus to better mental 
work, and often may be used as a disciplinary measure. 

Consider Each Effect. — Each of these effects should be 
considered in sanctioning the entrance of any student in an 
athletic event, and it is recommended when deciding this 
question that the following questions be answered : Will 
the competition benefit this student? How? Will it bene- 
fit the student body? What would be the result if he were 
prevented from competing? Only by carefully considering 
such questions can the best results be obtained, and it is to 
be noted here that no school should allow any of its athletes 
or teams to be entrants in a poorly organized or loosely 
conducted meet, as competition held under such conditions 
frequently has a demoralizing effect upon the mental and 
moral development of the child. The child always should 
be first and foremost in our thoughts, for our object is to 
train up better men and women who shall be of greater 
use to the community. Our object, most emphatically, 
should not be the development of performers for the amuse- 
ment of the public. 



10 



Qualifications of Competitors. 



When and How a Child May Compete. — One of the most 
difficult questions to decide is at what age and in which 
events the child should compete. It is unfortunately im- 
possible to make any general statement, for each pupil is a 
law unto himself, and what might injure one will benefit 
another. It must be remembered that relatively more 
nourishment and rest is needed for the child than for the 
adult, for the child must supply nourishment and rest for 
growth as well as for the materials expended. Again at 
different periods in different children's lives development is 
more active and growth more rapid. At this particular 
period of the child's life nearly all competitive events are 
injurious. Even until complete maturity, events with a 
compelling stimulus to excessive nervous and physical 
strain are often harmful ; and it is this compelling force to 
over-exertion that plays so important a part in competi- 
tion.* 

The age, the strength, the rapidity of growth and the ex- 
tent and duration of nervous and physical exertion of each 
competition are the main factors in deciding whether or 
not a child should compete in any event. 

Non-Competitive Events Never Harmful. — Non-competi- 
tive events and events where the individual nervous strain 
is reduced to a minimum never harm the child, but rather 
stimulate development unless there is some organic trouble 
(lesion). Even when there is an organic lesion or an 
hereditary tendency (diathesis), careful and well-regulated 
outdoor exercises will more often benefit than harm the 
child. 

* In the female sex, during the period of puberty, from two to six 
months or more, and subsequently at frequent intervals of a few days, 
physical exertion, as well as severe mental activities, should be decreased 
to a minimum, if not entirely dispensed with. 



11 



Group Competition Preferable. — Team competition is 
more beneficial to the child than individual competition, 
and, besides this, a greater percentage of the children of the 
school are deriving benefit from the exercise. Group com- 
petition — i. e., competition in a number of events that are 
grouped is better than competition in only one event. This 
results in symmetrical and general development which is 
superior to excessive development along single lines. It is 
far better for the total number of pupils in a school to run, 
jump, throw and swim fairly well and lose all competitive 
events than to have a few pupils exceptionally proficient in 
each kind of exercise who break records and win champion- 
ships. A school's boast should be: "We have the best 
average in all events, taken from the record of one hun- 
dred per cent, of our pupils." 



An Excellent Method of Competition. 



Entire Class Competition. — An excellent method to se- 
cure this end is to take the average record of about ninety 
per cent, of the number of boys and girls in a class in each 
event which is capable of being measured by either time, 
distance or height. This record represents the physical 
efficiency of ninety per cent, of the pupils. To secure a 
result representative of all events we must reduce the 
record. Furthermore, higher grades could readily be 
must be a point basis, though this is only of advantage in 
determining the physical superiority of one section over 
another, one class over another or one school over another. 

There would soon be an average record established for a 
class, and following classes would try to emulate this 
record to some common basis of scoring which necessarily 
handicapped, which would give lower grades an equal 
chance, and a small school could compete equally with, a 
large one. 



12 



Advantages of This. — The advantages of this system are 
numerous, but a few may be mentioned: (1) It makes one 
hundred per cent, of the pupils derive benefit from the com- 
petition; (2) each student is a point-winner, and so is stimu- 
lated to do more work and increase his earning capacity 
for the class, even though there are ten who can beat him ; 
(3) it is absolutely fair, and the lowest and the highest 
classes have equal chances ; (4) it will increase the general 
standard; (5) it will stimulate all-around symmetrical de- 
velopment, and (6) it will cause those to take an active 
part in track and field work who, under the present system, 
do nothing in athletics. These are the ones who need it 
most. 



Registration and Entries. 



Cards of Consent of Parents. — It is suggested that after 
one has decided the value of a student's entrance in any 
event a certificate with the approval of the parent and veri- 
fication by a physician be secured by some such card as the 
accompanying.* 



Card Adapted for All Competitive Events. 



PHILADELPHIA PUBLIC SCHOOLS. 
Registration Card For Athletics and Games. 

Philadelphia 19. . . 

Month Day Year 

Birth Name of pupil 

Grade Residence 

This is to certify that my son (cross out one) or 
daughter has my permission to take part in the following 
competitive athletic events. Write yes or no after each. 

* These cards may be obtained from the Department of Physical 
Education. 



13 



Running Jumping ....... Baseball 

Soccer Basketball ....Goal ball 

Captain ball School-yard baseball (for girls) 

With the provision that all these are run under the spe- 
cial rules arranged for grammar schools. 

Signed. 

Parent or Guardian. 

Reverse Side of Above Card, with Section for Office Record 

and Filing. 



Office Record. 

Number Date 

Name Sex Age 

Grade School 

Events prohibited 

Remarks 

Competed 

To be Verified and Signed by Physician. 

Age (in years) Weight Height.. 



Color of hair School. 

I have examined and find 

him or her physically qualified to participate in the com- 
petitive exercises indicated on the other side of this card. 

If negative, please give short diagnosis 

Date M. D. 

Address 



It is also suggested as a guide that you do not ask your 
pupils to train for events that you would not wish to enter 
yourself, or that you would not wish your own son or 
daughter to enter. 

Physical Efficiency a Standard of Advancement. — It 

would, perhaps, be premature to recommend that bodily 
proficiency be a basis of advancement. If this idea should 
ever be put into practice it will make parents realize the 



14 



necessity of having their children live more of an outdoor 
life. It is a certainty that such would increase the im- 
munity, the vitality and the capability of the present and of 
future generations. 

Entries. — It is the custom for those participating in 
athletics to register in some way, which is really a record 
of their athletic standing and of other personal data, such 
as age, etc. In schools, if registration be necessary, it 
should consist of parents' and principal's consent, and of a 
physician's certificate of physical fitness as suggested by 
the card shown above. These cards, for interschool meets, 
should be filed and kept in one place, and when the pupil has 
passed into a higher school they could be refiled and kept 
for reference. Frequently such cards, with a record of the 
events contested in, will be of future use, though it would 
almost necessitate a special department to handle such 
registration forms. If this cannot be done it would be en- 
tirely possible for each school to keep such a record, which 
will necessitate only an extra filing drawer and a little time. 

Entries are generally considered to mean the names of 
the pupils and the events in which they will compete, filled 
in on a special form — the entry blank. In interclass com- 
petition — i. e., of the same school, one entry blank is suffi- 
cient for each class, and in interschool competition one 
blank for each school. These blanks are sent to the man- 
agement at a stated time previous to the day of the meet, so 
as to allow time to arrange the various events, to print pro- 
grams, etc. No pupil should be allowed to compete whose 
name does not appear on the entry blank, and officials 
should adhere strictly to the original entry blanks and to 
the program. An entry blank cannot be altered on the day 
of the meet and should not be accepted if received later than 
the date specified in the previous circulars. The entry 
blank should be a brief, comprehensive, tabulated form. 
The following is a good example of such a blank : 

Sample Entry Blank. — The following twelve (12) com- 
petitive events, eight (8) for boys and four (4) for girls, 



15 



will be held. Each school may enter three contestants, 
numbers 1, 2 and 3, except in the relay and goal throwing 
for girls. Relay teams are to consist of eight contestants 
and two substitutes. 

Girls. 

50yds. 



Event. 


Junior Boys. 


Senior Boys. 




60 yds. 




100 yds. 


Dash. 


1. 


1. 


1. 




2. 


2. 


2. 




3. 


3. 


3. 


Standing 


1. 


1. 


1. 


Broad 


2. 


2. 


2. 


Jump. 


3. 


3. 


3. 








Goal 


Running 


1. 


1. 


1. 


Broad 


2. 


2. 


2. 


Jump. 


3. 


3. 


3. 








4. 








5. 


Relay, 


1. 


1. 


1. 


One 


2. 


2. 


2. 


Mile. 


3. 


3. 


3. 




4. 


4. 


4. 




5. 


5. 


5. 




6. 


6. 


6. 




7. 


7. 


7. 




8. 


8. 


8. 



Substitutes. 
1. 
2. 



In the goal-throwing contest each member of a team will 
have three throws at a basket 10 feet from the ground, at 
a distance of 15 feet. 



16 



Training. — Training comprises all the measures that will 
enable the body to perform the best work with the least in- 
convenience to itself. The best single exercise to train 
one's body for any event is that same exercise for which 
one wishes to train ; also all other exercises tending to pro- 
duce a symmetrical and harmonious systemic develop- 
ment. These exercises should not be taken too vigorously 
every day, and if training be protracted over a long period 
of time, a few days or a week of relaxation and rest during 
the training period will often prove beneficial. It is well to 
keep in mind the fact that more than ordinary endurance is 
necessary to compensate for the increased expenditure of 
muscular and nerve force under keen competition.* 

Just as important as is the regulation of environment, of 
home life, of personal hygiene and of the dietary. Rules 
are legion which have been laid down concerning these 
points, but the best is said when we advise a natural, hy- 
gienic and worriless life. Rules for securing this may vary 
widely in individual cases. 

It is unnecessary to dwell on these factors in detail, but a 
few suggestion may prove of assistance.* 

1. A state of mental equilibrium, happiness and pleasant 
surroundings are conducive to better work. 

2. Proper clothing, cleanliness and sleep (nine hours) 
are advisable. A daily warm sponge-bath at night and a 
cool sponge in the morning, with plain water, will be bene- 
ficial. 

3. Regularity of eating, sleeping, exercising, etc., should 
be practiced. 

4. A wholesome and well-cooked diet, made up chiefly 
of that to which the individual has been accustomed, will 
give the best results. 

* During our life we all should so live that we are always in the 
best condition to perform work — i. e., we should be in training every- 
day of our life. 

* For further particulars in reference to cleanliness, dress, sleep, 
foods, clothing, etc., any standard text-book on personal hygiene may 
be consulted. 



17 



5. The use of stimulating and irritating drinks, such as 
coffee, tea, etc., should be reduced to a minimum, if not en- 
tirely discontinued. 

6. Excessive indulgence in rich foods, pastry and fried 
food stuffs should be reduced. 

7. Noxious habits should be discontinued. 

8. Proper ventilation of rooms and sleeping apartments 
are essential to physical well-being. 

9. Proper care of the teeth is important. 

10. The function of the bowels, kidneys and skin should 
be kept active. 



PART II. MANAGEMENT OF CONTESTS. 



1. Success Depends on Officials. — The success of any 
event, athletic or otherwise, depends largely upon the com- 
petency of its officials. Each official should know his re- 
spective duties with their limitations, and the relationship 
of his position to that of each of his brother officials, and all 
officials should be cognizant of the rules relative to a well- 
organized meet. 

Before the meet the management makes all arrangements, 
supplies numbers for contestants, finish tape, measuring 
tapes, rakes and shovels (if necessary) and blanks for the 
score keeper. All officials should receive copies of every 
notice that has been sent out, with any other necessary in- 
formation, special rules, etc. 

During the progress of the meet the management supplies 
any necessary information to the referee at his request, but 
no changes may be made except through the referee. 

Selecting Officials. — Officials should, as a rule, be dis- 
interested parties, and if interested in any contestants 
should not watch competitors or enter any protests while 
acting in an official capacity ; they should not become 
angered, and remember that a civil question demands 
always a civil answer; they should make any necessary ex- 
planations of rules (this is not to be interpreted as necessi- 



18 



tating arguments with contestants) ; they should attend to 
their respective duties and not watch the progress of the 
meet, and they should be on hand at least fifteen minutes 
before the time scheduled for the first CA^ent and report to 
the referee. 

/ 

Officials Needed. — A regularly and properly conducted 
meet should have a referee, track judges, field judges, a 
clerk of the course, a starter, timers, a measurer, a scorer, 
an announcer, track inspectors, a field marshall, messengers, 
a field surgeon and an official reporter. 

2. Duties — (a) Referee. — (1) The referee controls the 
entire meet during its progress. He shall receive the neces- 
sary local rules from the management, and during the meet 
ought to have the original entries in his possession. He 
shall make the final decision in all matters, where it does 
not conflict with the rules ; he shall make all disqualifica- 
tions upon recommendations of the officials, except in the 
cases of stealing and false starting (see Section E, para- 
graph 3) ; he shall regulate or change the order of events ; 
he shall decide, in the case of fouls or ties, whether it is 
necessary to hold another competition among those who are 
entitled to it; he shall check the names of officials present; 
he shall fill vacancies and assign duties, appoint other offi- 
cials when necessary ; he shall receive all protests from con- 
testants or captain of team only, deciding on the field if 
possible, and, if unable to decide at once, to furnish the 
management as soon as possible with all details of the 
protest, together with his views on the matter. 

(2) If a heat or semi-final of a race results in a tie, both 
contestants shall be permitted to compete in the final or 
semi-final. If the tie takes place in a final, both contestants 
must run another race at a time and place specified by the 
referee, and if this takes place in field events, the contest- 
ants shall compete with each other for the place. 

(3) In a foul he shall, if it is of importance in awarding a 
place or the meet, hold another race between those who are 
entitled to it. 



19 



(b) Track Judges. — (1) The track judges shall be suffi- 
cient in number to have each one select one of those win- 
ning a place. As first, second and third place are usually 
taken, it usually necessitates three judges, with one extra 
to select the fourth man in case one of the competitors is 
disqualified. 

(2) The judge whose name is first on the program is the 
judge-in-charge, and usually takes first place, while the 
others take second, third, etc., in their respective order. In 
case of a substitute judge, it is customary for him to take 
last man and "the others move up." 

(3) At the beginning of each race the judge-in-charge 
shall call the judges and timers to the finish line, and then 
notify the starter that all is ready by some prearranged 
signal, preferably the blowing of a whistle, which he him- 
self shall supply. (It might simplify matters to have the 
starter to blow one blast and the judge answer with one if 
all is ready and two if there is to be any protracted delay.) 

(4) At the close of each race the judges shall report to 
the judge-in-charge the name of the contestant each has 
picked, which the judge-in-charge shall note with the time 
as agreed upon by the timers, at the left-hand pole (inside 
of track) of the finish, all of which shall be furnished to the 
official scorer. The decision of judges is final, except in 
case of disqualifications, which must be ratified by the 
referee. 

The finish tape should be of some soft, easily breakable 
material furnished by the management. 

(c) Field Judges.— (1) The field judges should have the 
management of the field events, etc. There should be three 
judges for an event, and where more than one field event is 
in progress at the same time, an extra group of officials 
should be provided. (This happens when there are many 
contestants, or when, as in pole vaulting, each contestant 
consumes a great deal of time.) 

(2) They shall decide the validity of each performance 
of a contestant, decide fouls and keep tally and a record of 
the event. Where measuring is necessary one of the 



20 



judges shall verify the reading- of the measurer, and in all 
cases mark or designate the point to be measured. 

(3) In case of any disagreement a majority shall rule, and 
this decision shall be final On the program they shall be 
grouped in threes, and the first of each three shall be the 
judge-in-charge of the event assigned by the referee. 

(4) The judge-in-charge shall notify the clerk of the 
course to call his event, as per schedule of the referee or of 
the program; he shall recommend any disqualifications 
which must receive the sanction of the referee ; he shall 
furnish the official scorer with the result of the event, and 
report its completion to the referee. He may give con- 
testants, who have failed to answer the call, an opportunity 
to compete, only when they have been competing in another 
event, or by reason of something over which they had no 
control. 

(d) Clerk of the Course. — (1) The clerk of the course 
and his assistants shall be furnished, as long before the 
meet as possible, with a list of events, the order and time 
of starting, and a complete list of entries. (Usually a pro- 
gram a day or two in advance of the meet is sufficient.) If 
there is no time scheduled for events, the time shall be 
designated by the referee, through the judges-in-charge. 

(2) He shall call names, give out numbers, check 
absentees and place the contestants in their proper order, 
as rated on the program. Where it is possible to run two 
heats in one (due to absentees), he shall so arrange matters 
selecting the men of the first heat alternately with those of 
the second. He shall only allow a contestant who has 
failed to appear to enter any heat or semi-final when said 
contestant has been detained by competition in another 
event. He shall not allow any contestant to compete in the 
final who has not competed in the semi-final. 

(3) In case of handicaps, if any contestant attempts to 
steal before all have been placed, he shall notify the starter, 
and said competitor shall be penalized by the starter in the 
same manner as in false starts. (Section E, paragraph 3.) 
In handicap field events contestants shall compete in the 

21 

/ 



order of their handicap, the one with the least handicap 
competing last. (In scratch events the order on the pro- 
gram is adhered to.) 

(4) He shall assign duties to his assistants. 

(e) Starter. — (1) The starter shall start all races after the 
competitors have been placed in their respective places by 
the clerk of the course. He should make some premonitory 
remarks before discharging the pistol. He should inform 
the competitors of the formula for starting, and state to 
them the penalty for trying to steal or for false starting. 
If he notices a steal as he discharges the pistol he shall re- 
call the contestants by a second shot and penalize the of- 
fender as stated in paragraph 3 of this section. 

(2) Previous to the start he shall signal the judges-in- 
charge, and shall v^ait for their return signal. It is unv^rise 
to hold contestants too long a time in the positions of start- 
ing, as it increases the nervous tension and strain of com- 
petition. 

(3) He shall penalize any competitor for the first and 
second false start, and disqualify him from that event for 
the third. Penalties shall be as follows : 

Races of less than 100 yards.— 11/9 feet for first and IjA 
feet for second offense. 

Races of 100 yards and less than 220 yards. — 1 yard for 
first and 1 yard for second. 

Races of 220 yards and less than 440 yards. — 2 yards for 
first and 2 yards for second. 

Races of 440 yards and less than 880 yards. — 3 yards for 
first and 3 yards for second. 

Races of 880 yards and less than 1 mile. — 4 yards for first 
and 4 yards for second. 

Races of 1 mile and less than 2 miles. — 5 yards for first 
and 5 yards for second. 

And for each additional mile, 5 yards is to be added. 

(4) He shall notify the judge-in-charge of any disquali- 
fications immediately at the close of the race. 



22 



(f) Timers. — (1) There shall be three timers to an event, 
each one independently timing the race from the flash of 
the gun to the breaking of the tape. The timer whose 
name first appears on the program shall be timer-in-charge, 
and shall upon demand report the previously agreed time 
to the judge-in-charge. 

(2) Two watches set alike shall be regarded as official 
time ; when all three differ, the mean time of all three shall 
be taken to the nearest fifth. If one watch is not started, 
and there be a difference between the other two, the slower 
time shall be official. 

(3) It is customary for timers to supply their own 
watches, which should be run together for 15 or 20 minutes 
before any race, to check any error. 

(g) Measurers. — Measurers shall be assigned by the 
referee to each field event where needed, and shall measure 
the distance or height as indicated by the judges. There 
should be at least two measurers, and the reading should 
be verified by one of the judges. Tapes should be furnished 
by the management. 

(h) Official Scorer. — (1) The official score-keeper, with 
assistants if necessary, shall keep an accurate account of 
contestants, absentees, disqualifications and results of all 
events. The results are verified by the referee before 
becoming official, and one copy of results must be given to 
the referee at the close of the meet for the management. 

(2) He shall be supplied with lists in the same manner 
as the clerk of the course (Section D, paragraph 1), and if 
this is not done until the meet he should be supplied with 
blanks necessary to discharge his duties. This work is 
only for the use of the referee. 

(i) Announcer. — The announcer, possibly with assistants 
on larger occasions, should provide himself with a mega- 
phone and announce the result of each race or event as 
soon after its completion as possible. At his discretion, he 
may also call attention to interesting points referable to 
records broken, reputation of special contestants or win- 



23 



ners, progress of certain events and other features. He 
should in all cases announce results as obtained only after 
their ratification by the referee. 

(j) Inspectors.— The inspectors, at least one for each 
turn of the track, should report at once to the referee, with 
full particulars, any foul or infringement of rules with the 
exception of attempts to steal in handicap races, which shall 
be reported to the clerk of the course. 

(k) Field Marshal. — The marshal shall plan with the 
referee the means for handling spectators and contestants; 
and with his assistants and the aid of the police shall keep 
the courses free. Trainers should not be allowed inside the 
course, as it obstructs the view and hinders the work of 
the officials. Contestants especially should be prevented 
from coaching their own men, and infractions should be 
reported to the referee, who should deal with them accord- 
ing to the rules. 

(1) Messengers. — The messengers may be students, two 
or three according to the magnitude of the meet, wearing- 
some easily recognizable insignia. Their duties consist of 
carrying messages to or from any official, team or con- 
testant. They should understand the general management 
of meets. One should be assigned to the referee; one to 
the clerk of the course, and, if necessary, one each to the 
field and track judges. 

(m) Field Surgeon.— (1) It is advisable to have a physi- 
cian on the field in case of emergencies, and his name 
should be mailed to all contestants previous to the meet, 
with the information that in case of accident they should 
ask for Doctor . 

(2) For managements which are regularly holding meets 
it is suggested that an emergency outfit be supplied for the 
surgeon's use. The following list is suggested : 

Sterile bandages, gauze and cotton ; ligatures, needle and 
needle-holder; scalpel; hypodermic syringe with tablets of 
strychnine, digitalin and atropine or equivalents. Solution 



24 



of bichloride of mercury and bichloride tablets, normal salt 
solution and a pint of sterile water; aromatic spirits of 
ammonia, alcohol, tincture of iodine, flexible collodion ; 
camel's-hair brush, stethoscope; scissors, adhesive plaster; 
pure carbolic acid, drinking glass and couple of boards for 
splints. 

(n) Official Reporter. — The official reporter shall write 
an account of the meet, obtained from the scorer, and fur- 
nish same to any local reporters present. If no local 
reporters are present, he shall send the report to the leading 
paper for publication at once. 

By following these rules and suggestions every official 
knows his duty, knows the scope of each event and knows 
with whom he is to work. This, necessarily, will greatly 
facilitate the running off of the events. 



PART III. TRACK AND FIELD EVENTS. 



Running. — Running may be practiced simply as an exer- 
cise for health and to increase endurance, or in competition 
with other pupils — i. e., for racing. No pupil should enter a 
race of any kind without previous practice. Pupils in the 
grammar grades of public schools should be allowed to 
participate in short-distance races only — i. e., dashes or 
short-distance relays. 

Dashes. — In training for a 50-, 60- or 75-yard dash, or 
even 100 yards, practice-running should begin some time 
before the contest, say at least one month. The first weeks 
should be devoted to running easily for 3 minutes, several 
times daily, gradually increasing the time to 8 minutes. 
This will strengthen the muscles, increase endurance and 
stimulate the respiratory function. After these have been 
secured one should practice for speed. 

*The March, 1910, issue of Mind and Body, a copy of which may 
be found in the Pedagogical Library, contains an article on "Training 
for Races," which embodies various points of value on this subject. 



25 



While practicing for speed, the full distance one is train- 
ing for should not be covered at the beginning. While 
practicing for endurance a greater distance than one is 
training for should be run. After this the pupil is ready to 
practice the start, which may be taken up separately from 
or conjointly with the practice for speed. The start is of 
great importance. To obtain a good start at the proper 
moment is of the utmost importance. 

The usual position taken at the start is that of "crouch- 
ing." The front foot is placed about six inches behind the 
line, the rear foot placed so that when kneeling the knee is 
opposite the instep of the front foot. Both feet are in slight 
depressions in the ground made for this purpose. The 
hands placed on the line. At no time before the start signal 
must the hands or feet touch the other side of the line, 
doing so constitutes a balk. 




Top picture: Get on your mark. Bottom picture : Get set. 

26 



When the starter says "get on the mark" or ''ready" the 
contestant kneels on the knee of the leg extended back- 
ward. On the command "get set" or "set" this knee is 
raised slightly, and the body is pushed forward slightly, 
the competitor being on the alert for the report of the 
pistol. The starter usually fires a short time after the 
command "get set." 

While practicing the start in the schoolyard the teacher 
may clap hands or strike two pieces of wood together, or 
merely command "go," uttered sharply and quickly for a 
signal. 

Warming up before the race is a very good practice. This 
is done by "jogging" — i. e., running up and down the field 
for a minute or two in a quiet manner, making the joints 
and muscles limber, and stimulating the circulation and 
respiration. It is also very important that deep breathing 
be practiced before going to the scratch-line. The lungs 
should first be emptied by a forcible exhalation. Then a deep 
breath is taken, so that all the lobes are well filled with 
air. This should be done about twenty times, thus puri- 
fying the blood and increasing the elasticity of the air-cells 
of the lungs. When the competitor "gets set" a deep 
breath should be taken. How long the duration of this 
breath should be it is difficult to say, as practice varies 
among athletes from the first few strides up to sixty yards. 
One of the best dash runners of recent years ran his 100- 
yard races on two breaths; the first breath took him 60 
yards, the second took him the remaining 40. 

While the runner must learn not to start too soon, as he 
may be penalized by the starter, it is equally important that 
full speed be maintained beyond the finish. Slacking up 
or stopping short at the finish means a loss of time. 

In the first part of the practice period it is well to run 
part of the distance only, but the full distance, and a little 
more should be practiced daily for two weeks before the 
race, except the day preceding the event. On this day one 
should rest. 



27 



At the finish two posts must be erected opposite each 
other, with a piece of yarn or some other easily breakable 
material stretched between them. The first runner will 
break the string with his body as he finishes. A breaking 
with the hands or arms is not permitted. 

It must not be forgotten to practice all-around gym- 
nastic exercises daily while training for races or any other 
special event. 

Judges, a starter, timers and track inspectors are needed 
for these races. 

These directions should suffice for all short distance races, 
including 100 yards. 

Relays. — There are three forms of relay-races, viz. : 
shuttel relay, plain or ordinary relay and pursuit relay. 




Two views of giving the flag to the next runner. Note how the 
flag is to be held, and how the receiver should stand. 

(a) Shuttle Relay. — This is the one best suited for public 
schools. ' ■ 



Mile and a Three-Quarter Mile Relay. — Two posts are 
placed opposite each other, at a distance of 110 yards for 
boys and 82^ yards for girls. A rope is stretched from 
one post to the other. Sixteen pupils form a team, half 
of whom are lined up behind and to left of each post, so 
that they stand behind each other. The first one carried a 



30 



small flag, stick or any other visible object. At the signal — 
pistol shot — the first one at the starting post runs along the 
line to the opposite post, where the first one of the other 
half of the team receives the flag from behind the post and 
runs along the line on the opposite side of the rope to give 
up the flag to the second pupil at the starting point. This 
pupil carries the flag to the second one at the opposite 
post, and so on until all pupils belonging to the team have 
run. The time is taken at the finish when the last pupil 
passes the starting post. Starting before receiving the flag 
from behind the post is a foul, and will be penalized by the 
judges. Teams furnish their own flags. 

The officials for a shuttle relay race should be a starter, 
timers and one or two judges at each post. 

(b) Plain Relay. — The track is circular or oval in shape. 
The distance to be covered by each competitor shall be 100 
first (or first and fifth) runner is placed at the start, the sec- 
ond (or second and sixth) at the end of 100 yards, the third 
(or third and seventh) at the end of the second 100 yards, 
and the fourth (or fourth and eighth) at the end of the third 
100 yards. The first runner runs and touches (or hands 
a flag to) the second runner, then the second runner touches 
the third and so on until the last runner has finished. 

Judges, timers, a starter, a scorer and inspectors are 
needed for this race. The track inspectors take their posi- 
tions at each 100-yard line. 

Straightaway. — If the track is a straightaway course 
there should be a lane for each team, 3 to 4 feet wide and 
running a straightaway course. It should be marked by 
ropes on each side, about 18 inches to 2 feet high. The track 
is divided into sections of 100 yards for boys and 75 yards 
for girls. A team consists of four or more competitors. If 
a "flying start" is permitted the second, third and fourth 
runners are stationed 25 feet behind the 100-yard line. 
Within this space of 25 feet the flag must be received from 
the previous runner. Failure to do so constitutes a foul. 

Judges, stationed at each 100-yard line, timers and a 
starter are necessary for the plain relay. 



31 



(c) Pursuit. — For the pursuit relay an oval track is re- 
quired. Two teams are arranged, one on each half of the 
track opposite each other. Number one of each team be- 
gins at his own starting line. When the one of the opposite 
team has crossed the line the second runner of the team 
gets ready to "be touched" or receive the flag from the first 
runner, and so on until the fourth competitor finishes the 
race. The timer will take the time of the one finishing first. 
Should one of the runners of either team overtake and 
touch a runner of the other team then the race is won. 

Judges for each team, a timer, a starter and a scorer are 
needed for the pursuit relay race. 




Three views of a standing broad jump. 

(B.) Jumping — (1) Standing Broad Jump. — The stand- 
ing broad jump must be made by toeing the mark, then 
swinging the arms forward and backward while bending 
and straightening the knees, keeping the hands clenched. 
On the second, third or fourth (ad libitum) forward swing, 
a forcible pushing of the feet will carry the pupil forward 
quite a distance. The landing should be on both feet. The 
jump is measured from the mark or line to the impression 
made by the heel of the foot nearest the line, or, if the 



32 



competitor falls backward, the measurement takes place to 
the spot where any part of his person nearest the line 
touches the ground The take-off must be made simul- 
taneously with both feet. A hop or "beat" previous to the 
jump proper, and stepping over the mark before the jump, 
are fouls, and invalidate a jump. 

(2) Three Consecutive Broad Jumps. — Three consecu- 
tive broad jumps may be be practiced by boys. This is 
the same as the standing broad jump, but instead of one, 
three jumps are made in rapid succession. The rules for 
the three jumps are the same as for the broad jump. 

(3) Running Broad Jump. — Speed and form are the 
essential things to be considered in the running broad 
jump. To attain the maximum speed, the distance (which 
should not be too great) from the starting place to the 
''take-off," must be measured very carefully. Each jumper 
must pace off his own distance ; this is necessary, so that 
he may leave the **take-off" with the proper foot without 
slackening his speed. 

The running broad jump may be divided into three parts, 
the run, the jump and the landing. Each part bears a great 
relation to the other. 

(a) The Run. — Start slowly and increase the speed grad- 
ually, until the maximum speed is reached when leaving the 
''take-off." Jumping from the proper foot at the "take-off" 
should be practiced often. 

(b) The Jump. — At the instant of the "take-off" a power- 
ful "lift" is made, the knees are raised and the trunk in- 
clined forward, with the arms raised forward. 

(c) The Landing. — If the position of the body, as de- 
scribed above, is maintained the jumper will land without 
falling, either forward or backward. A perfect jump is one 
in which the jumper lands so that he retains his equilib- 
rium. 

Always limber or warm up before attempting to jump. 



33 



Sprints of from 50 to 75 yards will help in training for 
this event. 

Before attempting any jumping: examine the running 
path approaching the ''take-off"; see that it is free from 
stones or other such particles ; see that the "take-ofif" is 
securely fastened, and that the pit is soft and free from 
particles of any injurious nature. 

While practicing, a rope placed across the pit, at about 
one-third the distance of your jump from the "take-off" 
and from 2 to 3 feet high, will help materially in gaining 
the proper "lift." 

A broad jump is measured from the "take-off" to the 
nearest break in the ground. (See Standing Broad Jump.) 

Sand and sawdust make an excellent filling for the jump- 
ing pit. 

Three tries shall be permitted each contestant in all forms 
of jumping. In jumping for distance all three jumps shall 
be recorded and the best one of these shall count. 

Standing High Jump from Both Feet. — For the high 
jump two stands are needed with holes 1 inch apart, into 
which small pegs are inserted. Upon the latter a thin 
stick (bamboo rod) is placed, to be cleared by the jumper. 
Throwing the stick off three times at the same height puts 
the competitor out. The actual height the contestant 
jumped is recorded. A hop or "beat" for a start is not 
allowed. 

Running High Jump from One Foot or Both Feet. — 

For the running high jump the same rules hold good as for 
the standing jump. Running under the stick or running 
up to within 3 feet of the apparatus constitutes a balk. 
Three successive balks shall constitute a try. Three tries 
are allowed at each height. 

Form and the proper "take-off" are the essential things 
necessary to attain the maximum height in the running 
high jump. The distance from the starting place to the 
"take-off" need not be more than from 20 to 30 feet. The 
distance should be measured and the number of strides 
carefully determined. The running high jump may also 

34 



be divided into three parts ; the run or approach, the jump 
and the landing. 

(a) The Run. — The run can be made from any angle, ac- 
cording to the style or form of the jumper. Jumping from 
the proper foot is of great importance and should be prac- 
ticed often. 

(b) The Jump. — At the instant of the ''take-off" a power- 
ful spring is made, the arms are raised quickly foreupward 
and the legs swung upward and over the bar or rope in 
such a manner that when the necessary height is reached 
a half turn of the body is made. The jumper should be 
facing the bar or rope (opposite direction) when the land- 
ing is made. One should be careful to judge the height 
properly, so that energy is not wasted in going higher than 
necessary to clear the bar. 

(c) The Landing. — The landing in this event is not 
nearly so important as in the running broad jump. (Falling 
backward does not invalidate a jump.) The arms should be 
held in such a position that they do not interfere with the 
cross bar or rope. 

There are various forms of high jumping. Forward and 
sideward, with and without turns. In jumping from the 
left foot the turn is made to the left, and in jumping from 
the right foot the turn is made to the right. 

The approach and "take-off" need much practice, after 
these are accomplished the turn of the body is next in 
importance. 

A common mistake made is trying to jump the maximum 
height at every practice ; keep the cross bar or rope at a 
height that you are sure of clearing and perfect your form. 

Standing Hop, Step and Jump. — For this, toe the mark 
with one foot, raising the other leg backward. Make a 
forcible hop forward — i. e., the contestant must land on 
the same foot which toed the mark; then make a step 
jump — i. e., landing on the other foot, and finally make a 
forcible jump, landing on both feet. Measure from the 
scratch line to the heel of the foot nearest the starting 



35 



point; or, if the performer falls of steps back, measure to 
the point nearest the take-off, no matter which part of the 
body touches the ground. A hop in place or "beat" at the 
start is a foul. 

Running Hop, Step and Jump. — For the running hop, 
step and jump the same rules apply. A long run is neces- 
sary for this, starting slowly and increasing the speed grad- 
ually, so that the last part of the run is made with the 
greatest speed possible. A forcible take-off will result 
in a long hop. This is most essential to secure a good 
record. While a long run is of importance it should not 
cover too great a distance, as this may interfere with the 
result of the jump. The full energy of the contestant must 
be reserved for the jump itself. (See Running Broad 
Jump.) 

Three judges shall officiate at all forms of jumping, one 
of whom also acts as scorer to record the results. 

3. BALL CONTESTS.— In all the ball contests the offi- 
cials shall consist of three judges, one of whom shall also 
act as scorer. 




Two views of the Basketball Far -throw. 



36 



(1) Basketball Far-Throw.— The ball shall be from 18 
to 21 ounces in weight. It is thrown from a stand in the 
side-stride position with the toes at the line. The throw 
is from over the head. Swinging the arms with a bending 
of the trunk is an advantage. The toes or heels may be 
raised, but a hop or jump is not permitted. Touching the 
ground in front of the line or stepping over it before the 
throw is measured constitutes a foul. Three tries are given 
each contestant, of which the best one counts. 

The ball must land within a lane 10 feet wide. Beginning 
20 feet from the line the lane is divided in spaces of 1 foot 
each by lines running parallel to the scratch line and at 
right angles to the outside lines of the lane. Whole feet 
only are counted. 

(2) Hurl Ball.— The hurl ball shall be 24 or 25 inches 
in circumference. A handle attached to it must not allow 
the knuckles of the hand to be more than II/2 inches from 
the ball. The weight of the ball shall be from 2 to 2^ 
pounds. 

The throw is made with one hand. A swing of the arm 
and a run are permitted, but if the line is crossed the throw 
is a foul. 

(3) Goal Throwing. — The basket, which is 10 feet from 
the ground is the same as in basketball. The object is to 
throw a basketball into the basket from a distance of 15 
feet for seniors and 12 feet for juniors. Teams may consist 
of any number agreed upon. 

Five trial's shall be allowed each competitor. A goal 
counts one point, which is recorded. The number of points 
made by the team constitutes its record. 

(4) Basket Bound-Ball. — A basket (ordinary waste 
basket or box) is placed on the ground at about a distance 
of 25 feet for seniors and 18 feet for juniors, from the 
scratch line. The ball is thrown with one or two hands so 
that it bounces once. If, after this bounce, the ball falls 
into the basket one point is scored. Five throws shall be 
allowed each person on the teams. 



37 



(4) EXERCISES OF LOCALIZED STRENGTH.— 

For these events three judges shall officiate, one of whom 
shall also act as scorer. 

The exercises of strength here suggested are: (a) chin- 
ning, (b) the dip in the leaning rest frontways and rope- 
climbing. 

(1) Chinning. — Schools may provide a strong curtain 
pole, as a horizontal bar about 1 to 1^ inches thick, placed 
in a door frame. Boys "muscle-up" — i. e., pull until the 
chin is over the bar, then the arms are straightened to their 
full length by allowing the body to go down slowly. Touch- 
ing the floor with the feet in going down is not permitted. 
Each pull-up shall count one point. 

This event is here inserted, as it enters into the efficiency 
tests as conducted in Philadelphia, and also because it is 
an excellent exercise for developing the muscles of the 
arms and shoulders. 

(2) Dip in the Leaning Rest. — The hands and toes are 
on the floor with the knees and the body straight, so that 
the line from the head to the heels is a straight one. 

The arms are now bent so that the body almost touches 
the ground or floor, and then straightened again. For each 
dip followed by a straightening the pupil scores one point. 

(3) Rope-Climbing. — The rope should be 1>4 inches in 
thickness and fastened securely at the top. 

The climbing may be for speed or distance. Juniors 
should climb with hands and legs, while seniors should 
practice simply hand climbing. Climbing for speed 
requires timers. AVhen climbing for height the end of a 
tape-line is fastened to the foot of the pupil ; if, however, 
the pupil starts from sitting down the tape is fastened to 
his hip. 



38 



(5) EXERCISES OF SKILL— Throwing the Javelin. 

— This is an exercise derived from the Greek spear-throw- 
ing. 

(a) Throwing the Javelin. — This is an exercise derived 
from the Greek spear-throwing. 

A pole, 8 feet long and 1 inch thick is used, and is aimed 
and thrown at a mark or target. An iron ring may be 
fastened around each end of the pole to prevent splitting. 

The pupil grasps the javelin slightly behind its center 
and stands at a specified distance from the target in the 
cross-stride position, left foot forward, right arm bent. 
Then the right knee is well bent, while the right arm is 
straightened backward and the left arm is raised forward, 
both arms being in a horizontal position, with a turn of 
the trunk to the right, while aiming. After the aim is 
secured the throw is made by a quick and forcible straight 
forward move of the right arm, a straightening of the right 
knee and bending of the left knee. 

The target is marked with numbers. 

Three throws shall be allowed each competitor, and the 
result of each shall be recorded. Three judges are needed 
for this event. 

(2) Obstacle Race. — This event is most interesting, both 
for participants and spectators. How many obstacles and 
what kind of obstacles are questions that can only be 
answered after conditions are considered. 

Obstacles may be jumped over, climbed over or under, 
crawled through and under, or even vaulted over. The 
following obstacle race of 100 yards will be found very 
interesting : Run 10 yards, hurdle over 30-inch hurdle, run 
15 yards, crawl under a bar 1 foot from the ground, run 20 
3^ards, climb over an 8-foot rail fence, run 20 yards, crawl 
under a blanket and run the balance of the distance. 

Other obstacles may be barrels, benches, fences, nets, 
tables, ladders, or any obstacle to run around, under, over 
or crawl through. Turning somersaults, or hand-springs, 
crawling on all fours, hopping, jumping in sacks, running 
backward or rolling over may be added as desired. 



39 



Training for endurance is most necessary in this event, 
as it requires considerable strength and energy. Hopping, 
skipping and rope jumping are good exercises in training 
for obstacle races. Study the obstacle and the best way of 
overcoming it. 

(3) Potato Races for Teams. — The potato race usually 
is conducted as an event for single competitors. With very 
little trouble it can be arranged to accommodate consid- 
erably more persons, thereby making it possible for an entire 
class to run in a short time. Wooden blocks can be used 
instead of potatoes, and a circle drawn in chalk on the floor 
can take the place of baskets or other receptacles. In this 
case the only articles necessary to conduct the event are 
about two dozen blocks. In case these cannot be had, 
handkerchiefs, pieces of coal, etc., can be used. 

Relay Potato Race. — Eight (or any number) on a team; 
the first runner plants or places the potatoes, and the next 
one picks or gathers them. The potatoes (four or six) are 
placed on marks 4 to 10 feet apart, the first one being at 
least 10 feet from the basket in which the potatoes are to 
be placed. About 15 feet behind the place where the pota- 
toes are to be placed a line is drawn. It is from this line 
that all runners start and finish. After having had their 
run they take a place in the rear of the line. The first 
runner races to the basket and (taking one at a time) runs 
and places the potatoes on their marks. The first potato 
must be on its place before a second one can be gotten and 
placed. This is done until all the potatoes are planted. 
The first one then runs back and tags the next runner, who 
must not cross the starting line until he is tagged. He 
runs and picks up the potatoes in exactly the same manner, 
placing them in a basket on the scratch line. The first 
potato must be in the basket before the next can be gotten 
When this runner has them all picked he touches the next 
one on his team, and so on until every one on the team has 
had a turn (either to plant or to pick). In this way any 
number can be on a team. A variation is to have either 
cigar boxes or small tin buckets to put the potatoes in.. 



40 



making each runner carry the box or pail with him to the 
next runner. Another variation is to have a handkerchief, 
which must be tied around the neck of the runner before 
the first potato is touched, and this must be handed to the 
next runner to be tied around his neck before he is allowed 
to run. 

(4) The Grace Hoop. — Grace Hoops are made of rattan, 
3^ inches thick. The diameter of the hoop is 18 inches. The 
ends are fastened together by thin copper wire. To throw 
(or catch) the hoop, a stick from 15 to 18 inches long is 
used. Sometimes this stick has a cross bar 6 inches long, 
which is fastened 5 inches from the end of the stick. 

In throwing, the hoop is held horizontally in the left 
hand, the stick is placed into the hoop from below. The 
trunk is then turned left, provided the stick is held in the 
right hand, while the arms are moved well back, and then, 
the arms being quickly moved forward, the left hand 
releases the hoop, which is hurled forward and upward with 
a forcible straightening of the right arm and a movement 
of the body in the direction of the throw. The feet remain 
on the ground. 

The distance of the throw is measured from the tip of 
the right foot, which is in front of the left, to the place on 
the ground nearest the thrower where the hoop fell. 

This form of grace hoop far-throw may be used as a 
competitive event for girls at school meets or field days. 
Teams of any number agreed upon may compete with each 
other. 

Games of throwing and catching the hoop may be 
arranged in various ways. It is sufficient to mention the 
following : 

(1) The class is lined up in a circle or in an oval. Every 
player is furnished with a stick. A player flings the hoop 
in the manner above described to another player, whose 
object it is to catch the hoop with his stick. This player in 
turn again flings the hoop to a third player, etc. The 
throw may be made to any one of the players. It is most 
interesting to use two, three or more hoops. 



41 



This is a very good game on hot and sultry days, and 
will appeal even to adults for recreation and pastime. 

Two or more teams may play at the same time. 

If two teams play they line up in two ranks which stand 
opposite each other, so that every other one of each rank 
belongs to the same team. 

For example, team X is playing against team Y, the 
line-up is thus: 

XYXYXYXY 

XYXYXYXY 

The players standing opposite each other belong to the 
same team and throw the hoop to one another. The one 
opposite tries to catch the hoop on his stick. Every catch 
counts a point. It should be agreed to before the game 
begins how many points shall constitute a game. 

(6) GAMES. — The value of competitive games cannot 
be overestimated. Were games played for their physiolog- 
ical effect only we would be highly recompensed for our 
time and effort. But the moral value of play is of vastly 
greater importance. True pleasure, combined with skillful 
judgment, discretion and discernment, coupled with 
strength of will, resoluteness and courageous action are 
qualities brought out by competing with opponents. Mem- 
bers of a team forget selfish motives as they learn to work 
for a common end. Obedience to the rules of the game 
may be made the keystone for future good citizenship. 

Games, out of doors whenever possible, should be played 
daily. Pupils never tire of play. Thoughtful, progressive 
teachers encourage the playing of games in the school- 
yards even after school hours. The following list of ball 
games may be selected from, the rules of each game being 
printed separately : Dodge ball, end ball, corner ball, cap- 
tain ball, center ball, battle ball, basketball,* goal ball, soc- 
cer and various forms of baseball. 

* Basket-ball is the most strenuous of games, and should not be 
played by grammar school boys and girls except under modified rules. 



42 



PART IV. APPENDIX. 



(1) EXHIBITION WORK.— Although competiticMi is 
the main feature of the work in field-days, of school-meets, 
etc., an exhibition of special forms of gymnastics adds to 
the completeness of the meet. 

For exhibition work simple exercises, well shown, well 
co-ordinated and interesting, should be selected. Th&y 
should neither be too difficult nor require too much time 
for drilling. The aim should be toward perfect execution, 
with special emphasis upon accuracy and skill, progres-.- 
sion and difficulty, rhythm and harmony. These factors 
will secure the interest of the pupil and the approval of the 
spectators more surely than will difficult, disconnected and- 
poorly executed movements. 

(1) Free Exercises or Calisthenics. — Where free exer- 
cises are selected they should be arranged in groups. Two 
or three groups are sufficient. Each group should consist 
of a number of exercises of a certain number of counts, 
usually eight or sixteen. 

If an exhibition number is to be accompanied by music, 
the music must first be selected, and then the exercises, are 
chosen to conform to the different parts of the accompany- 
ing music and also to the number of bars in each .part. 
The same holds true of dumbbell drills, wand drills, etc. 

(2) Marching (Tactics). — Exhibition marching may con- 
sist of simple or fancy marches. 

Wheeling; facing; marching forward, backward or side- 
ward; marking time; transforming the rank; taking dis- 
tance and again closing the order, etc., may be alternated. 

Fancy marches may be selected, so that the files or lines 
march at right angles, acute or obtuse angles, or in curved 
lines. 

Singing often adds to the attractiveness of fancy 
marching. . , 

(3) Fancy Steps — Dancing. — Dancing steps after being 
well learned may be arranged in series to form a group 



43 



constituing a roundel or dance. An appropriate piece of 
music is first selected. The steps composing the roundel 
or dance are then arranged to conform to the music* 

(4) Exhibition Games. — A school may give an exhibi- 
tion of games, such as : Dodge ball, captain ball, bat ball, 
battle ball, basketball, prisoners' base, etc. The school fur- 
nishes its own material and makes all arrangements neces- 
sary for the event. 

(2) SUGGESTIONS.— See also the introduction— Sug- 
gestions concerning a program for field-days, whether 
school meets or inter-school meets. 

School meets may consist of class meets, pupils of the 
same grades competing with each other. Teams of a speci- 
fied number of boys or girls of one room competing with 
a team or teams from other rooms. One room may also 
have a meet by selecting two captains and letting them 
choose their teams from the pupils, one team being the 
"Reds," the other the "Blues." It will be understood from 
this that the contest is then for class or room honors. 

If the contest is between two or more schools the mem- 
bers of the teams may belong to different classes. The 
honors then become school honors. Individual contest and 
honors among young school children are discouraged for 
pedagogical reasons. 

SUGGESTED PROGRAM NO. 1. 
4 P. M. 

(1) Mass Drill of the Competing Grades. 

Boys Girls 

(2) (a) Standing broad (2) (a) Standing broad 

jump. jump. 

(b) Basketball far- (b) Basketball far- 

throw, throw. 

(c) Race— 75- or 100- (c) Race— 50- or 60- 

yard dash. yard dash. 

(3) Dodge ball. (3) Captain ball. 

* For examples see the different hand-books of lessons in physical 
training for the Philadelphia public schools, by Wm. A. Stecher; also 
the files of the Mind and Body. 

44 



(4) Mass Drill of the Other Grades. 

(5) Announcing of Winning Teams. — All pupils of the 
participating classes must be held to take part in the mass 
drill. No. 2 constitutes a group of events, the results of 
which are added to get the record of the team. The events 
may also be taken separately, and then different teams may 
compete in each event. 

SUGGESTED PROGRAM NO. 2. 
4 P. M. 

(1) Mass Drill of One or More Grades. 



(2) (a) Standing hop, (2) (a) Running broad 



(4) Mass Drill of the Other Grades. 

(5) Announcing the Results of Contests. — It may be 

suggested that it is well to begin and to close the field day 
with an appropriate song. 

(3) SWIMMING. — It has been said that every person 
can swim. It is simply a matter of confidence. People have 
been drowned from lack of courage. Others have saved 
themselves by paddling away as best they could. 

Boys go out bathing and paddle in the water, learning 
to swim of their own accord. The best stroke for endur- 
ance is the so-called breast stroke. This may be learned 
by first practicing on the land the movements required. 
These may be found in the "Handbook of Lessons in 
Physical Training for the Philadelphia Public Schools," 
Fourth Grades, Lessons 9 and 10, and other similar hand- 
books. 

Free swimming instruction is given every summer by 
the Board of Education of Philadelphia. 



Boys 



Girls 



step and jump. 

(b) Hurl ball. 

(c) Relay race. 
(3) Battle ball. 



jump. 

(b) Grace hoop far- 

throw. 

(c) Standing high 

jump. 
(3) Dodge ball. 



45 



(4) TRAMPING.— Over the fields, through valleys, 
along brooks, creeks and rivers ; over hills and through 
woods, breathing the purest of air, the wanderer is bene- 
fited physically and mentally. Walking is not only health- 
ful, but it is also instructive, and affords one of the best 
means of recreation. An afternoon's outing in the company 
of friends is most delightful. 

Tramping trips may be a source of education in geog- 
raphy, history and nature study. 

Teachers or pupils of the higher grades should map out 
trips to points of special interest, or along routes of par- 
ticular natural or artificial beauty. 

During vacation, parties of school children under proper 
leaders or in the company of adults, may be formed to make 
more extended tours. During the school term, Saturday 
afternoon walks may be arranged, after the type of the 
Wanderlust trips in Philadelphia. When taking trips last- 
ing all day, or two or more days, part of the distance should 
be covered by trolley cars or other conveyances. Care 
must then be taken not to walk too far on the first day, as 
the muscles and joints will become stiff and painful. Old 
shoes, fitting comfortably, and loosely fitting garments 
should be worn. A knapsack with the walker's necessities 
will complete the details of the arrangements. 

It has been demonstrated that such excursions are inex- 
pensive. (See "A Seven-Days' Tramp Through North- 
eastern Pennsylvania," by Wm. A. Stecher, in "Mind and 
Body,'* January, 1911, Pedagogical Library.) 

In Europe the movement to encourage tramping or wan- 
dering has led to the organization of societies for this pur- 
pose, and an attempt is now being made in Germany to 
have school boards make regular excursions compulsory. 
The outlook here in America, at present, for the develop- 
ment of this same kind of activity is most promising. 
Those who have taken part in trips become enthusiastic 
strollers and help ''call the young out into the beautiful 
nature, where they can strengthen their bodies, quicken 
their senses and enrich their minds. In company with con- 



46 



genial, energetic wanderers, to the sound of joyful songs, 
they shall make pilgrimages through the fields, meadows, 
woods and valleys and over hills." 

(5) CAMPING. — Camping during vacation has of recent 
years become quite popular. It is one of the best ways to 
spend part of the vacation days. 

In contemplating the establishment of a camp, one of 
the most important steps is the selection of a suitable place. 
High and dry land, on the banks of a river or lake, sur- 
rounded by plenty of shade trees should be selected. 

Tents, floored if possible, will afford abundant shelter in 
inclement weather and serve as a place in which to sleep. 
One tent should be reserved for cooking and another as 
a dining tent. 

The day may be spent in various ways : Strolling 
through the woods, scouting around the neighborhood, 
playing games, telling stories, singing, fishing, bathing and 
rowing, field sports, marching and drilling. 

(See ''Mind and Body," April and May, 1912, on ''Boys' 
and Girls' Camps," Pedagogical Library.) 




47 



DEC 11 1912 



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